Tungurahua

Observations of Deformation
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Volcano number:	352080
Region:	South America
Country:	Ecuador
Geodetic measurements?	Yes
Deformation observation?	Yes
Measurement method(s):	InSAR, GPS - continuous, Tiltmeter
Duration of observation:	2003-2009 (Envisat InSAR), 2007-2009 (ALOS InSAR), 2010 - present (GPS, Tilt)
Inferred cause of deformation:	Magmatic
Characteristics of deformation:	Following the start of a long term eruption in 1999, persistent scatterer InSAR between 2003 and 2009 showed large scale uplift centred on Tungurahua, with a peak rate of 8 mm/year (Chapenois et al., 2014). The deformation source was modelled as magma emplacement in a storage zone at 11.5 km depth at a rate of 7 million m³/year. ALOS observations spanning an explosive phase in Feb. 2008 show uplift of the western flank of Tungurahua, with a maximum deformation of 17 cm (Biggs et al., 2010). The deformation is best modelled by a sill-like or ellispoidal magma body within the edifice inflating by 1.2 million m³. Continuous GPS and Tilt monitoring is performed by IG-EPN and has been operational since 2010. Deformation results are available on the IG website: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/tungurahua/deformacion-tungurahua
References:	'Champenois, J., V. Pinel, S. Baize, L. Audin, H. Jomard, A. Hooper, A. Alvarado, and H. Yepes (2014), Large-scale inflation of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) revealed by Persistent Scatterers SAR interferometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 5821–5828, doi:10.1002/2014GL060956.', 'Biggs, J., P. Mothes, M. Ruiz, F. Amelung, T. H. Dixon, S. Baker, and S.-H. Hong (2010), Stratovolcano growth by co-eruptive intrusion: The 2008 eruption of Tungurahua Ecuador, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L21302, doi:10.1029/2010GL044942.'
Location:	-78.442, -1.4669999999999999